Financial Policies and the Value of the Firm Literature review

Financial Policies and the Value of the Firm - Literature review Example The research identified that the matter of a firm’s dividend policy and its effect on current share prices. The effects of different dividend polices on current share prices based on assumptions of perfect capital markets, rational behaviour on the part of investors and perfect certainty. The assumption of perfect markets means that all traders have equal access to information and transaction costs such as brokerage fees and transfer tax which are normally associated with the sale and purchase of shares are non-existent. Rational behaviour indicates a preference for more instead of less and an indifference to the form that wealth takes – whether it is in the form of cash payments as dividends or increases in the market value of shares. Perfect certainty on the other hand indicates that investors have no doubt in relation to the investment and financial policy of the firm as well as the future levels of profitability of all firms. Stiglitz extends the argument that the f inancial policy of the firm is irrelevant to a multi-period model. The reason for this extension is to give consideration to a wider range of financial policies to include not only a debt to equity ratio but a dividend retention ratio, a debt maturity structure and possibly the holding of securities in other firms. While stressing the importance of financial policy on the value of the firm to students of finance, Stiglitz indicates that ‘if the conditions under which the â€Å"irrelevance† theorems obtain’ are considered to be realistic it results in a reduction in the tools that they require to function effectively. Stiglitz (1974) suggested that it is possible to place the decisions that a firm makes into four groups: i. the way in which investment is financed; ii. the way in which revenue is distributed; iii. the amount that should be invested in any particular projects; and iv. the projects that should be undertaken as well as the techniques that should be em ployed. The first two relates to the firms financial policy while the last two relate to its investment policy. Stiglitz (1974) highlights the fact that there is a relationship between both types of decisions which may not be obvious. Stiglitz (1974) also indicates that two different but still closely related propositions have been confused. While they assert that a firm’s financial policy does not affect its value. The first asserts that the individual does not prefer one financial policy over another and specifically to the debt to equity ratio implying therefore that there is determinate ratio for the economy as a whole while the second indicates that there might be some preference as there may be a determinate debt to equity ratio for the economy as a whole but the financial policy of a particular firm makes no difference. Stiglitz (1974) concludes that the first preposition is stronger because it indicates that the financial structure of the economy and therefore the fir m is irrelevant while the second indicates its irrelevance in relation to the firm only. Stiglitz (1984) points out that the decisions that the firm makes are interrelated and so the decision to increase dividend and still decide to invest would suggest that additional capital needs to be obtained. If a loan is obtained to facilitate the investment then less would be available in the following period and to either retained earnings or dividends would decrease. If instead, shares are issued to facilitate the decision to invest then the amount distributed to shareholders in the following period would decrease if retained earnings is left unchanged. Stiglitz (1974) points to shortcomings in Baumol and Malkiel (1967) and Modigliani and Miller (1958) in their discussion of on how taxation impacts the optimal financial policy of the firm. Baumol and Malkiel (1967) and Modigliani and Miller (1958) observed that debt reduces the amount of tax that a firm is

Assessment and Accountability Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assessment and Accountability Assignment - Essay Example To answer these questions, there is the need for one, as the teacher to assist the students in examining their performance and progress in the whole process of learning. They also need to offer them with descriptive and explicit responses which are certain to the task of learning. According to Coffey (2009), some of the learning activities which would help the students in achieving the goals of formative assessment would include: Students, with the help of the teacher setting short-term goals so as to be able to monitor their progress and create a big picture of the subject. As the teacher, one should identify and communicate the goals of the course for achievement of the supposed results. There is need to communicate these objectives in a language which is learner-friendly for the learners to comprehend and take part in completing their obligations. One needs to introduce self and peer-assessment which are crucial in offering the students with a chance to consider their learning. This would make the students have responsibility of their work and examine their own performance. Opportunities which model the students to take part in the learning process actively for constructive and meaningful response would be included.

The paper is on how leaderhship plays an important role in the movie Essay

The paper is on how leaderhship plays an important role in the movie Gladiator - Essay Example Here Maximus Decimus Meridus is seen to have evolved through all the ranks from glory to grass and back to the glory again. He was first a general, then a slave, then a gladiator and finally a hero. His evolution through all these stages bequeathed him with the charisma of a leader. He portrays the desire to see his fellow slaves set free, and his gladiators succeed to freedom without having to kill each other. His strong character and will take risks propels him to glory as a hero in Rome through conquests that he stages. He exercises the power of charisma as a leader and wins the hearts of many people including his fighters to fight for the common good of all. Leaders in the movie portray leadership through abilities of decision-making processes. In times of war, they inspire their soldiers to fight for the good of their nation. This shows that leadership should be taken as a source of inspiration. This authority helps in deriving a persons authority in a group. Leadership in this context is seen as an exercise of power, the power of information is used to exact control upon the people. Information is only spread at specific times under the control of the King or the ruler. Information gathering through spying and its dissemination among the power elites enables the ruler to stay on top of issues. He makes sure that he is well informed as a leader of every situation that is going own within his territory. Leadership in this movie is also strengthened much through the power of relationships. Leaders have established both formal and informal networks both within and without their territories. Leadership is strengthened by the appreciation of the power of expertise. Leaders rely so much on the council of senators and other influential figures including the most talented gladiators. These experts are used either in the development of specialized knowledge are being communicated

The Effects of Global Warming on Coral Reefs Research Paper

The Effects of Global Warming on Coral Reefs - Research Paper Example There are three ways in which global warming affects coral reefs: through a direct increase in water temperature; through a rise in the carbon dioxide levels in water which makes water acidic; and through rising sea levels which results in inadequate sunlight for the existing coral reefs. In addition, the study points towards various indirect ways through which rising temperature leads to coral reef damage. One issue is the increasing incidence of various coral diseases and another problem is the occurrence of natural disasters like El Nino which damage coral reef habitats. Thus, the study ends with the suggestion that the ultimate way to save coral reefs would be to address the effects of global warming. Introduction Global warming is a potential environmental problem that has been adversely affecting the global climatic patterns for more than a century. Global warming can be simply referred to the process of increasing the average temperature of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. By definition â€Å"global warming is an increase in temperature worldwide due to gaseous emissions known as greenhouse gases, and depletion of the upper atmospheric (30-50 kilometers) or stratospheric ozone layer† (Liu, 58). Meteorologist identified an increase in Earth’s average surface temperature by nearly 0.8o C in the beginning of the 20th century. Scientists hold that the increased concentrations of greenhouse gases caused by thoughtless human activities including combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation are the major factors leading to global warming. ‘The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report’ (AR4) (qtd. Deimling et al) forecasts th at the average global surface temperature may rise from 1.1o C to 2.9o C during the 21st century under lowest emissions scenario, whereas the expected range lies between 2.4o C to 6.4o C under highest emission scenario. Studies have identified that the rising average temperature of oceans has a devastating effect on coral reefs. Coral reefs are underwater forests formed of calcium carbonate secreted by corals. Coral reefs play a pivotal role in protecting coastal regions. Coral reefs contain a wide variety of fishes and plants among which most of them belong to some of the most fragile ecosystems of the planet. Studies point to the fact that even a one degree Celsius change in average sea temperature would cause dreadful effects on these underwater structures. This paper will discuss the effects of global warming on coral reefs in the context of current beliefs and researches. The paper will also give focus on the potential long term effects of global warming on the human sustainabi lity. Finally it will propose solutions to the issue on the strength of identified causes and effects. Coral Reef Habitat Coral reefs are considered colonies of micro living animals found in less-nutrients contained marine waters. It has been identified that majority of the coral reefs are made up of stony corals and which in turn contain polyps. Most of these underwater structures were formed after the last glacial period and therefore it can be concluded that most coral reefs are not more than 10,000 years old. Coral reefs constitute the most diverse and fragile ecosystems on Earth and they are often referred to as ‘rainforests of the sea’. As stated in the article, Introduction to Coral Reef ecosystems, threats, and solutions, although coral reefs occupy only less than 0.1% of the worlds’ ocean surface, they are rich sources of different marine species such as fish, worms, sponges, crustaceans, and mollusks. As reported by National Wildlife Federation, the stu nning and frail coral reefs found

Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon Essay Example for Free

Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon Essay It is an unquestionable fact that the world of communication has immeasurable changed since Kenneth Burke first developed his theories and philosophies on this topic in the first half of the 20th century. Nevertheless, Burke’s views and thoughts can still be integrated with the theory of cinema as well as face-to-face communication and other forms of literature and art. Thus, as one critic once said, perhaps Burke will not be remembered so much for what he said but how others took his ideas and brought them forward into other realms of communication. In the 1920s, Burke began writing for the literary magazine The Dial, which included renderings of modernist art and his debates with individuals such as Malcolm Cowley on Dadaism and the Surrealists. His work the Symbolic marks an important time in his thinking when he advocated â€Å"art for arts sake† or the doctrine that aesthetic values are completely separate from political, religious, or economic ones. Burke’s earliest essays dealt with the formal aspects of imagery and the rhythms of language. He believed that reality was a construction of our interpretation of the symbols around us. Much of what we mean by reality has been built up for us through nothing but our symbol systems . . . Take away our books and what little do we know about history, biography, even something so â€Å"down to earth† as the relative position of the seas and continents. What is our â€Å"reality† for today†¦ but all this clutter of symbols about the past combined with whatever things we know mainly through maps, magazine, newspapers and the like about the present†¦And however important to us is the tiny sliver of reality each of us has experienced firsthand, the whole overall picture is but a construct of our symbol systems. (1966, p. 5) Thus, words are symbols, or utterances, produced by humans, alone, to signify those things that they represent. Despite the fact if they are written or verbal, words are a deliberate act for the expressed purpose of expression. A house can be described word-by-word without showing what the house actually looks like. However, because words are symbols, they can never be what they represent. The word â€Å"house† will not be a house. Words are heuristic and can be identified and understood by the person’s own mind and meaning. When a word is identifiable it becomes a representation of what it depicts. Dictionaries can help, but they alter meaning with those who read them. According to Burke, words have an unusual power. As for the relation between ‘identification’ and ‘persuasion’: we might well keep it in mind that a speaker persuades an audience by the use of stylistic identifications; his act of persuasion may be for the purpose of causing the audience to identify itself with the speaker’s interests; and the draws on identification of interests to establish a rapport between himself and his audience. (1966, p. 301-302) Burke was thus instrumental in advancing the whole understanding of rhetoric, with such aspects of his analysis as the pentad of drama, the role of identification, and the ratios or relationships among critical components. His pentad was comprised of the act (what occurs by the delivery of the rhetorical piece), the scene (the situational setup or the context of the discourse), the agent (the person being asked to complete the action), the agency (the tools used to complete the action), and the purpose (the goal of the action). If one analyzes the components of the pentad and their relationships to each other, Burke believed, one would be able to discern the motives underpinning that rhetorical act But we must acknowledge that photographs and, even more so, film are much more complex. When someone sees a visual representation, it can mean myriad of ideas, emotions at once. This visual representation mimics, in fact the viewer’s own perception of life and allows them a greater depth of understanding, or at the very least a sense of understanding, into the subject. In the 1940s, Burke expanded his interest in the visual culture and the function of art, film and television. He often used visual metaphors to explain key concepts, such as identification, representative anecdotes, the pentad, and terministic screens. In his introduction to A Grammar of Motives, Burke covered his theory of the pentad in relationship to a Museum of Modern Art in New York photographic exhibit with photos of war ships and an: aerial photograph of two launches, proceeding side by side on a tranquil sea. Their wakes crossed and recrossed each other in an almost infinite variety of lines. Yet despite the intricateness of the tracery, the picture gave an impression of great simplicity, because one could quickly perceive the generating principle of its design. Such, ideally, is the case with our pentad of terms, used as generating principle. It should provide us with a kind of simplicity that can be developed into considerable complexity, and yet can be discovered beneath its elaborations. (1945, xvi) As noted in â€Å"War and Cultural Life† (1942), he was emotionally impacted by the photos and affirmed that â€Å"one gets a very strong feeling that the war, vast as it is, is part of a still vaster configuration. † (p. 409). Burke felt that the photos â€Å"call(ed) forth a certain philosophic or ‘meditative’ attitude toward the war quite as it also gives nourishment to a strong sense of our national power† (p. 408). He was so taken, in fact, by the photos that he noted â€Å"it would be a very good service both to the strength of our patriotism and to its quality if this exhibit could be shown throughout the United States. † (p. 408) In the Therministic Screen: Rhetorical Perspectives on Film (2001), David Blakesely relied on Burke’s communication theory to look at cinema and the concept of the theory of film. Given all the theories that exist about film, Blakesely notes that there need not be one theory â€Å"to be elevated to disciplinary reverence,† but rather the question is â€Å"how best to use the terministic resources theory make available† (pg. 2). The title of the book comes from Burke’s phrase â€Å"terministic screen† in Language and Symbolic Action (1966), where his main assertion is that â€Å"not only does the nature of our terms affect the nature of our observations, in the sense that the terms direct the attention to one field rather than to another. Also, many of the ‘observations’ are but implications of the particular terminology in terms of which the observations are made† (pg. 46). In other words, as extrapolated from Burke, film rhetoric, or the visual and verbal symbols that weave film experience, directs the viewers’ attention in unlimited ways, but always towards the goal of fostering identification and the complexity that involves. Similarly, film theory, says Blakesley, which is the lens through which and with which one generates perspective on film as art and rhetoric, acts as a terministic screen that filters what does and does not constitute and legitimize interpretation and, thus, meaning (pg. 3). In his essay about Burke (2001), Andrew King emphasizes that Burke’s theories and assertions were not about ideology or political systems but about the over-rhetoricized world. He insists that according to Burke, even with the invention of writing, humans entered the world of virtual reality and building symbol systems. And, ever since, mankind has been piling symbol upon symbol and setting system over and against system. Simultaneously, with this ever-advanced technology, humans are cutting themselves off further and further from nature and the consequences of their actions. â€Å"Technology delays the consequences of our assaults on our nature and symbolic systems mask our failures until it is too late. Nature is recalcitrant and it will have its revenge, but not until it is too late for us to repair the results. † (para. 17)

Automatic Online Gas Booking and Detection System

Automatic Online Gas Booking and Detection System  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Abstract NOW a days, safety time are major issues .we deal with this issues in our project. We all know the gas booking is time consuming task and also there can be problem of gas leakage . Most of the accident occur because of gas leakage. In these project we can identify the gas leakage, controlling it and also without any human interface gas booking is done. By using this system the security services like police and fire brigade of a nearby region also be informed about the intrusion instantly and they can take required steps rapidly. And hence the system is safe cost effective. The aim of this project is to develop a system that will provide remote monitoring of sensors and also provide security against hazardous condition. This paper is mainly concerned with the automatic intimation of parameters or sensors condition to user via GSM. It is meant to save the electric power and human energy. This project is made with the help of the 89c51 microcontroller. The GSM modem is connected to th e microcontroller and the sensor is connected using wireless network. ****- INTRODUCTON Home security has changed a great deal over the last century and will continue to do so as long as technology continues to progress. In todays age of digital technology and intelligent systems, home automation has become one of the fastest developing application-based technologies in the world. Security systems are important features of a modern Home. In order to fullfil the security concerns of the house owners, efficient, reliable cost effective system has been designed. The research is aimed at developing the security of Home against LPG gas leakage or Fire. In your absence,if the above incident happen, the device send message corresponding number. A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions. A WSN system incorporates a gateway that provides wireless connectivity back to the wired world and distributed nodes (see in fig). . Fig.Sensor Node The work deals with discussion about various brilliant home automation systems and technologies. In home automation the monitoring and control operations are assisting through smart devices installed in residential buildings. Home automation systems face some main challenges; these are high cost of ownership, inflexibility, difficulty in achieving security and poor manageability. The main intention of this research is to design and implement a home automation system using IoT that is able to controlling and automating most of the house appliances through an easy possible web interface. By using Wi-Fi technology to interconnect its distributed sensors to home automation server the Proposed system has a great flexibility. This will decrease the deployment cost and will increase the ability of upgrading, and system reconfiguration. LITERATURE SURVEY 2.1 RELATED WORK Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) comprises both instrumentation as well as communication technologies and operates within Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band. the Wireless Sensor Networks collaboratively operate to collect and disseminate data with great security and reliability. Therefore, it plays vital role in measurement and control of environmental parameters of industrial and agriculture sectors as well. It deserves key role not only in biomedical field but also in military and security fields. The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) system consist of devices, which sense the signal, process and transmit the signal to base station. The base station plays the jobs of not only as data logger but also of data analysis and prediction. Each of these devices is known as sensor node [2], that comprises a sensor or array of sensors, Data Acquisition System (DAS), processor, RF module and power supply unit. Moreover, the smart moves are also associated with the Global Positioning Syste m (GPS) [2], to indicate their location in the monitored area. The movable robotic system can also provide with every smart move to vary its location and to collect data from different place. Wireless Sensor Network is the network of devices called as wireless sensor nodes, routed cooperatively to exchange information, through wireless link. The Wireless Sensor Networks consist three types of nodes as coordinator; which organize the network and helps to maintain routing tables. Routers; routers communicate with coordinator and other routers to reduce functions of end devices and provides path for end devices to communicate data to the base station or coordinator. End Device; End devices ensures the interfaces to the physical world. It senses the parameters for which it has been designed and communicates with coordinator through desired routing protocol and forward signal to the base station.The communication protocols are more complex and designed according to suitable criteria. Following are the characteristics of Wireless Sensor Network. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Low power consumption. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Ability to withstand in harsh environmental conditions. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Self configurability à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Self healing à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Scalability Availability of different OS can be configured in real time operating system. On literature survey, it is found that, the study of wireless sensor network is the field of interest and therefore, the researchers are undertaking the research work related to the Wireless Sensor Network(WSN). Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) [3] is fast growing field of electronics for research of applied nature. The Santosh Kumar et al developed sensor network for dying industry monitoring and control system, which is wired about PIC 16F877 and deployed to monitor various parameters[4]. The recent release of standards in the field such as IEEE 802.15.4 and Digi brought the technology out of research labs and empowered to deploy for real world applications [2]. Corke et al have developed an electronic system for applications like cattle monitoring, ground water monitoring, rainforest monitoring [5]. Chiara buratti, worked on Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology and its evolution [6]. In order to monitor the concentration of hydrocarbons particularly, in chemical industries a Wire less Sensor Network (WSN) based system is developed by Kane et al [7] and interpreted the results, which could support the optimization of production. Zigbee based mine safety monitoring system is developed by Rajkumar Boodu [8]. This paper presents the designing of Wireless Sensor Node designed to detect and monitor the leakage of the industrial gases. For this purpose the system is wired about PIC 18F4550 microcontroller, which has promising salient features. After comparison of various RF modules, the Zigbee module is selected and employed to transreceive the data. Zigbee technology is new technology in RF communication, which work with low power and in free Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band. The main applications of a LPG Gas Leakage Detector would be : à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · To protect ourselves from any gas leakage in cars, industries, homes, hospitals etc. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · To safeguard ourselves from gas leakage in heating gas fired appliances like boilers, domestic water heaters. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · To be used in large industries which use gas as their production. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · To provide safety from gas leakage in cooking gas fired appliances like ovens, stoves etc. 3.PROPOSED SYSTEM DESCRIPTION: GSM MODULE: GSM module is used to send a message .The name of GSM module SIM_300 with RS232.Buzzer, power supply and audio interface are used. This can be connected to PC by using a USB to Serial Adaptor. Real terms are used to send receive data. The interface between microcontroller and GSM module can also be done directly with the help of wires. POWER SUPPLY: With the help of step down transformer of 230V AC primary to 0-12V, 500mA secondary power supply is taken from main supply. Full-wave rectifier and a capacitor filter provide the output voltage and then fed to 5-volt regulator (LM7805) whose output is used as power supply for ICs and microcontroller. LPC2148: The LPC2141/2/4/6/8 microcontrollers are based on a 32/16 bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, that combines the microcontroller with embedded high speed flash memory ranging from 32 kB to 512 kB. A 128-bit wide memory interface and a unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code execution at the maximum clock rate. For critical code size applications, the alternative 16-bit Thumb mode reduces code by more than 30 % with minimal performance penalty. Due to their tiny size and low power consumption, LPC2141/2/4/6/8 are ideal for applications where miniaturization is a key requirement, such as access control and point-of-sale. A blend of serial communications interfaces ranging from a USB 2.0 Full Speed device, multiple UARTs, SPI, SSP to I2Cs, and on-chip SRAM of 8 kB up to 40 kB, make these devices very well suited for communication gateways and protocol converters, soft modems, voice recognition and low end imaging, providing both large buffer size and high processing power. Various 32-bit timers, single or dual 10-bit ADC(s),10-bit DAC, PWM channels and 45 fast GPIO lines with up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins make these microcontrollers particularly suitable for industrial control and medical systems. RESULT: The system detects the LPG gas concentration in the air if it exceeds a safety level and then responds by using GSM to send an SMS to the consumer. The LED and Buzzer are activated to alert the consumer in case of gas leakage and the system displays the message on LCD Conclusion: LPG Gas Leakage is a major problem in many industries and households.Hence our Project will definitely prove to be for households and industries in preventing future gas leakages. This research work has many advantages which are as follows: à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · The Research Work is easy to use and it gives remote indication to the user. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · The Sensor used in this Research Work has excellent sensitivity combined with a quick fast response time. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · The system is highly reliable, tamper-proof and secure. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · In the long run the maintenance cost is very less when compared to the present systems. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · It is possible to get instantaneous results and with high accuracy. This home security feature is expected to draw much attention in the next decades. People are getting more and more concerned about how to protect themselves and their houses in case of emergencies. These emergencies include not only LPG gas leakage, but also fire attack. This device provides a means for being able to securely monitor a house with the help of sensors integrated with a micro-controller and a GSM unit. SMS provides an economical and convenient way to alert users of a possible fire accident. The use of mobile handsets as a client device to receive warning messages implies that the user need not have to carry an additional piece of equipment as most people already have a mobile phone with them most of the time. REFERENCES [1] Analog and digital circuits for electronic control systems applications by jerry luecke ELSEVIER publications 2005 ISBN 0-7506-7810-0. [2] Advanced microelectronics Microcontrollers in PracticeBy I. Susnea and M. Mitescu Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-10 3-540-25301-7. [3] Advanced PIC Microcontroller Projects in C by s Dogan Ibrahim ELSEVIER publications 2005 ISBN-13: 978-0-7506-8611-2. [4] PIC Microcontrollers An Introduction to Microelectronics by Martin Bates -Second Edition- sELSEVIER publications 2004 ISBN 0 7506 6267 0 . PUBLICATIONS 1.Ms.Pawar Pallavi Tatyasaheb,Student IV SEM, M.E, VLSI AND EMBEDDED SYSTEM, SCOE, Pune, India Mr. B.E. Shinde,Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and telecommunication, SCOE, Pune, India SMART HOME APPLIENCES USING IOT Vol-2 Issue-1 2016. SCOE, Sudumbare, M.E (VLSI Embedded Systems)(2015-20

Medieval versus Renaissance Eras :: Compare Contrast History Art Essays

Medieval and Renaissance Eras   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is amazing how significantly various aspects of society can and will change over a prolonged period of time. Between the time periods of the Medieval era and the Renaissance, one can note numerous significant changes, mainly those pertaining to art and religion. In general, ideals and subjects during the Renaissance became more secular. In Medieval times, people seemed to focus mainly on the church, God, and the afterlife; during the Renaissance, the focus was more secular: humans and life on earth. Although these two eras differ in many ways, the most concentrated differences deal with the realms of architecture, painting, and philosophy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Architecture noticeably shifted from religious awe to classical reason between the Medieval era and the Renaissance. During the Middle Ages, architecture was aimed mainly at making advancements in the church. Medieval cathedrals had very distinct features, such as pointed spires, which were exactly that -- spires, or steeples, that were pointed and extended upward from the tower area; the rose window, which was a large stained glass window that was located on the front of the tower; and squared-off exterior walls, which were a contrast to the usual rounded exterior designs that people were accustomed to. Overall, cathedrals during this time could have very elegant features due to the excellent techniques of support and stabilization. Buttresses, simple extensions of the cathedral wall to enhance support, and flying buttresses, stone structures set away from the cathedral wall and attached at the top, contributed to the excellent support that Medieval cathedrals experienced. While architectural advancements during the Middle Ages were concerned mainly with making elegant reformations in the structure of the cathedral, architecture during the Renaissance was much less religion- centered, and revolved more around classical reason and secularity. Architecture in this time was concentrated mostly with the design of castles, such as the home of the prevailing Italian Medici family, perhaps the richest family in Europe. Architectural focus had changed from the cathedral in the Medieval era to other, more classical and secular subjects, such as castles and homes of significant rulers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The style, subjects, and overall attitude of painting was something that underwent very significant changes during the progression from Medieval times to the Renaissance. Generally, paintings became more secular, and less focused on aspects of the church, as the Renaissance approached. Medieval paintings seem to be focused almost entirely on religion and are given heavenly attributes, while paintings of the Renaissance consist mainly of secular subjects and contain much more realism, especially noted in human subjects. In Giotto's Madonna With Child, a Medieval painting, any observer will obviously notice that the child and woman are very awkwardly proportioned, indicating the